Medicinal Drug Addiction Essay Example

Medicinal Drug Addiction Essay Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion World Health Organization Geneva 1988 ISBN 92 4 154239X O World Health Oganbatian, 1988 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copytight protection in accordance wiVl t e provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal C o r n Convention. For rights of h reproduction or translation of W O publications, in part or in tom, application should H be made to the Gffice of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, S w i a n d .The World Heam Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and te presentation of the material in this publication do h not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of t e Secretariat of the h World Health Organization concerningthe legal status of any country, territory, cky or area or of its authorities, or concerningthe delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers productsdoes not imply that they are endor sed or recommendedby the World Health Organhation in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. Typeset and printed in Switzerland 88/7708-WHO/Gloor43WO Ethical criteria f6r medicinal drug promoW~ Resolution WHA41. 17 Introduction Objective Ethical criteria Applicability and implementation of criteriaPromotion Advertising Medical representatives Free samples of prescription drugs for promotional purposes Free samples of nomprescription drugs to the general public for promotional purposes Symposia and other scientific meetings Postmarketing scientific studies, surveillance and dissemination of information Packaging and labelling Information for patients: package inserts, leaflets and booklets Promotion of exported drugs Appendix: Sample drug information sheet Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion Resolution WHA41. 7 adopted by the Forty-first Wo rld Health Assembly, 13 May 1988 Ethicalcriteriafor medicinal drugpromotion The Forty-first World Health Assembly, Recalling resolutions WHA21. 41 and WHA39. 27; Having considered the report of the Executive Board concerning the ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion based on a draft prepared by an international group of experts; Convinced that observance of ethical criteria for medicinal l drug promotion by al parties concerned will contribute to a more rational use of drugs; 1. THANKS the international group of experts for its work; . ENDORSES the ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion that are annexed to this resolution, on the understanding that they constitute general principles that could be adapted by governments to countries circircumstances as appropriate to their political, economic, cultural, social, educational, scientific and technical situation, their national laws and regulations, disease profile, therapeutic traditions, and the level of development of t heir health system, and that they do not constitute legal obligations; 3.URGES Member States: (1) to take account of these ethical criteria in developing their own appropriate measures to ensure that Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion medicinal drug promotion supports the aim of improving health care through the rational use of drugs; (2) to monitor and enforce, where appropriate, the implementation of the measures they have developed; 4. APPEALS to pharmaceutical manufacturers and distributors, the promotion industry, ealth personnel involved in the prescription, dispensing, supply and distribution of drugs, universities and other teaching institutions, professional associations, patient and consumer groups, the professional and general media (including publishers and editors of medical journals and related publications), and the public: (1) to use these criteria as appropriate to their spheres of competence, activity and responsibility; (2) to adopt measures based on th ese criteria as appropriate, and monitor and enforce their standards; 5.REQUESTS the Director-General: (1) to ensure the wide dissemination of these criteria in all official languages; (2) to follow the practice of these criteria and to report to the Executive Board from time to time as appropriate. Ethical criteria. for medicinal drug promotion Introduction 1. Following the WHO Conference of Experts on the Rational Use of Drugs held in Nairobi in November 1985, WHO prepared a revised drug strategy which was endorsed by the Thnty-ninth World Health Assembly in May 1986 in resolution WHA39. 27.This strategy includes, among other components, the establishment of ethical criteria for drug promotion based on the updating and extension of the ethical and scientific criteria established in 1968 by the Twenty-first World Health Assembly in resolution WHA21. 41. The criteria that follow have been prepared in compliance with the above on the basis of a draft elaborated by an international gr oup of experts. Objective 2. The main objective of ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion is to support and encouragethe improvement of health care through the rational use of medicinal drugs.Ethical criteria 3. The interpretation of what is ethical varies in different parts of the world and in different societies. The issue in all societies is what is proper behaviour. Ethical criteria Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion for drug promotion should lay the foundationfor proper behaviour concerning the promotion of medicinal drugs, consistent with the search for truthfulnessand righteousness. The criteria should thus assist in judging if promotional practices related to medicinal drugs are in keeping with acceptable ethical standards. Applicability and implementation of criteria . These criteria constitute general principles for ethical standards which could be adapted by governments to national circumstances as appropriate to their political, economic, cultural, soci al, educational, scientific and technical situation, laws and regulations, disease profile, therapeutic traditions and the level of development of their health system. They apply to prescription and nonprescription medicinal drugs (over-the-counter drugs). They also apply generally to traditional medicines as appropriate, and to any other product promoted l as a medicine.The criteria could be used by people in al walks of life; by governments; the pharmaceutical industry (manufacturers and distributors); the promotion industry (advertising agencies, market research organizations and the like); health personnel involved in the prescription, dispensing, supply and distribution of drugs; universities and other teaching institutions; professional associations; patients and consumer groups; and the professional and general media (including publishers and editors of medical journals and related 4 -Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion publications). Al these are encouraged to use the cril teria as appropriate to their spheres of competence, activity and responsibility. They are also encouraged to take the criteria into account in developing their own sets of ethical standards in their own field relating to medicinal drug promotion. 5. The criteria do not constitute legal obligations; governments may adopt legislation or other measures based on , them as they deem fit. S ~ l yother groups may adopt l self-regulatory measures based on them.Al these bodies should monitor and enforce their standards. Promotion 6. In this context, promotion refers to all informational and persuasive activitiesby manufadurers and distributors, the effect of which is to induce the prescription, supply, purchase and/or use of medicinal drugs. Active promotion within a country should take place only with respect to drugs legally available in the country. Promotion should be in keeping with national health policies and in compliance with national regulations, as well as with voluntar y standards where they exist.All promotion-making claims concerning medicinal drugs should be reliable, accurate, truthfulI informative, balanced, up-to-date, capable of substantiationand in good taste. They should not contain misleading or unverifhble statements or omissions likely to induce medically Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion unjustifiable drug use or to give rise to undue risks. The word safe should only be used if properly qualified. Comparison of products should be factual, fair and capable of substantiation.Promotional material should not be designed so as to disguise its real nature. 8. Scientific data in the public domain should be made available to prescribers and any other person entitled to receive it, on request, as appropriate to their requirements. Promotion in the form of financial or material benefits should not be offered to or sought by health care practitioners to influence them in the prescription of drugs. 9. Scientific and educational activi ties should not be deliberately used for promotional purposes.Advertising (a) Advertisements in all forms to physicians and health-related professionals 10. The wording and illustrations in advertisements to physicians and related health professionals should be fully consistent with the approved scientific data sheet for the drug concerned or other source of information with similar content. The text should be fully legible. 11. Some countries require that advertisements should contain full product information, as defined by the 6 Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion pproved scientific data sheet or similar document, for a given period from the date of first promotion or for the full product life. Advertisements that make a promotional claim should at least contain summary scientific information. 12. The following list, based on the sample drug information sheet contained in the second report of the WHO Expert Committee on the Use of Essential Drugs1and appended for ease of reference, can serve as an illustration of the type of information that such advertisements should usually contain, among others: he name($ of the active [emailprotected](s) using either international nonproprietary names (INN) or the approved generic name of the drug; the brand name; content of active ingredient(s) per dosage form or regimen; name of other ingredients known to cause problems; approved therapeutic uses; dosage form or regimen; side-effectsand major adverse drug reactions; precautions, contra-indications and warnings; major interactions; name and address of manufacturer or distributor; reference to scientific literature as appropriate. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 722,1985,p. 43.Ethical criteria for medicinal drug pronotion 13. Where advertisements are permitted without claims (reminder advertisements),they ought to include at least the brand name, the international nonproprietary name or approved generic name, the name of each active ingredient, and the name an d address of the manufacturer or distributor for the purpose of receiving further information. (b) Advertisements in all forms to the general public 14. Advertisementsto the general public should help people to make rational decisions on the use of drugs determined to be legally available without a prescription.While they should take account of peoples legitimate desire for information regarding their health, they should not take undue advantage of peoples concern for their health. They should not generally be permitted for prescription drugs or to promote drugs for certain serious conditions that can be treated only by qualified health practitioners, for which certain countries have established lists. To fight drug addiction and dependency, scheduled narcotic and psychotropic drugs should not be advertised to the general public.While health education aimed at children is highly desirable, drug advertisements should not be directed at children. Advertisementsmay claim that a drug ca n cure, prevent, hs or relieve an ailment only if t i can be substantiated. They should also indicate, where applicable, appropriate limitations to the use of the drug. 15. When lay language is used,the information should be consistent with the approved scientific data sheet or 8 Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion other legally determined scientific basis for approval. Language which brings about fear or distress should not be used. 6. The following list serves as an illustration of the type of information advertisements to the general public should contain, taking into account the media employed: the name(s) of the active [emailprotected](s) using either international nonproprietary names (INN) or the approved generic name o the drug; f the brand name; major indication(s) for use; major precautions, contra-indications and warnings; name and address of manufacturer or distributor. Information on price to the consumer should be accurately and honestly portrayed. Medical re presentatives 17.Medical representatives should have an appropriate educational background. They should be adequately trained. They should possess sufficient medical and technical knowledge and integrity to present information on products and carry out other promotional activities in an accurate and responsible manner. Employers are responsible for the basic and continuing training of their representatives. Such training should include instruction regarding appropriate ethical conduct taking Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion into consideration the WHO criteria.In this context, exposure of medical representatives and trainees to feedback from the medical and allied professions and from independent members of the public, particularly regarding risks, can be salutary. 18. Medical representatives should make available to prescribers and dispensers complete and unbiased information for each product discussed, such as an approved scientific data sheet or other source of inform ation with similar content. 19. Employers should be responsible for the statements and activities of their medical representatives.Medical r e p resentatives should not offer inducements to prescribers and dispensers. Prescribers and dispensers should not solicit such inducements. In order to avoid overpromotion, the main part of the remuneration of medical representatives should not be directly related to the volume of sales they generate. Free samples of prescription drugs for promotional purposes 20. Free samples of legally available prescription drugs may be provided in modest quantities to prescribers, generally on request. 10 Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotionFree samples of mmpresdption chugs to the general puWi for promotional purposes 21. Countries vary in their practices regarding the provision of free samples of non-prescription drugs to the general public, some countries permitting it, some not. Also, a distinction has to be made between provision of free drug s by health agencies for the care of certain groups and the provision of free samples to the general public for promotional purposes. The provision of free samples of non-prescription drugs to the general public for promotional purposes is difficult to justdy from a health hs perspective.If ti practice is legally permitted in any country, it should be handled with great restraint. Symposia and other seientiic meetings 22. Symposia are useful for disseminating information. The objective scientific content of such meetings should be paramount, and presentations by independent scientists and health professionals are helpful to this end. Their educational value may be enhanced if they are organized by scientific or professional bodies. 23. The fad of sponsorship by a pharmaceutical manufacturer or distributor should be clearly stated in advance, at the meeting and in any proceedings.The latter should accurately reflect the presentations and discussions. Entertainment or other hospitalit y, and any #S offered Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion to members of the medical and allied professions, should be secondary to the main purpose of the meeting and should be kept to a modest level. 24. Any support to individual health practitioners to participate in any domestic or international symposia should not be conditional upon any obligation to promote any medicinal product. Post+nadcet~ng scientific studies, suweiC ance and dissemination of information 25. Post-marketing clinical trials for approved medicinal drugs are important to ensure their rational use. It is recommended that appropriate national health authorities be made aware of any such studies and that relevant scientific and ethical committees confirm the validity of the research. Intercountry and regional cooperation in such studies may be useful. Substantiated information on such studies should be reported to the appropriate national health authorities and disseminated as soon as possible. 26.Post- marketing scientific studies and surveillance should not be misused as a disguised form of promotion. 27. Substantiated information on hazards associated with medicinal drugs should be reported to the appropriate national health authority as a priority, and should be disseminated internationally as soon as possible. 12 Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion Packaging and labelling 28. Appropriate information being important to ensure the rational use of drugs, all packaging and labelling material should provide information consistent with that approved by the countrys drug regulatory authority.Where one does not exist or is rudimentary, such material should provide information consistent with that approved by the drug regulatory authority of the country from which the drug is imported or other reliable sources of information with similar content. Any wording and illustration on the package and label should conform to the principles of ethical criteria enunciated in this docum ent. lrrfonnation for patients= package inserts, leaflets and booklets 29. Adequate information on the use of medicinal drugs should be made available to patients. Such information should be provided by physicians or pharmacists whenever possible.When package inserts or leaflets are required by governments, manufacturers or distributors should ensure that they refled only the information that has been approved by the countrys drug regulatory authority. If package inserts or leaflets are used for promotional purposes, they should comply with the ethical criteria enunciated i this document. The wording of the n package inserts or leaflets, if prepared specifically for patients, should be in lay language on condition that the medical and scientific content is properly reflected. Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion 30.In addition to approved package inserts and leaflets wherever available, the preparation and distribution of booklets and other informational material for patien ts and consumers should be encouraged as appropriate. Such material should also comply with the ethical criteria enunciated in this document. 31. Ethical criteria for the promotion of exported drugs should be identical with those relating to drugs for domestic use. It is desirable that exporting and importing countries that have not already done so should use the WHO Certification Scheme on the Quality of Pharmaceutical Products Moving in International Commerce.Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion Appendix Sample Drug Information Sheet1 Various types of information are needed by prescribem and consumers to ensure the safe and effective use of drugs. The following list is a sample that should be adjusted to meet the needs and abilities of the prescriber. (1) International Nonproprietary Name (INN) of each active substance. (2) Pharmacological data: a brief description o pharmacolf o i a effects and mechanism of action. gcl (3) Clinical information: (a) Indications: whenever appropriate, simple diagnostic criteria should be provided. b) Dosage regimen and relevant pharmacokinetic data: average and range for adults and children; dosing interval; average duration of treatment; special situations, e. g. , renal, hepatic, cardiac, or nutritional insufficiencies that require either ineased or reduced dosage. (c) Contra-indications. (d) Precautions and warnings (reference to pregnancy, lactation, etc. ). Reproduced from The use of essential dnrgs: s m n d report of the WHO fipert Committee on the Use of EssentialD ~ g (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 722, s %, P. 43). Ethical criteria f r medicinal drug promotion o e) Adverse effects (quanbfy by category, if possible). (f) Drug interadions (includeonly if clinically relevant; drugs used for self-medication should be included). (g) Overdosage: brief clinical description of symptoms; non-drug treatment and supportive therapy; specific antidotes. (4) Pharmaceutical information: (a) Dosage f o m . (b) Strength o f dosage form. (C) Excipients. (d) Storage conditions and shelf-life (expiry date). (e) Pack sizes. (f) Description of the product and package. (g) Legal category (narcotic or other controlled drug, prescription or non-prescription). (h) Name and address of manufacturerb) and importer(s).

Team Communication

Team Communication Free Online Research Papers As companies find that sharing ideas creates a more productive work environment, they are encouraging their employees to work as a team. Effective communication is a key element to build among team members. Once a team is formed, communication processes are integrated. The team becomes familiar with each other’s actions and collectively uses these actions to their advantage. Past experiences are discussed and the knowledge of each member’s strength and weaknesses begins to develop. The strengths and weaknesses that have been identified can help the team to learn from each other and grow together. This will create a positive atmosphere in which individuals can feel more comfortable to share their ideas with their team. Conflicts will arise from time to time. They occur for different reasons such as an influence from another team member. For example, an individual may try to persuade the leader into going along with a suggestion that he/she has made. The member continues to bargain with the leader until the leader can reach a solution to compromise. Other members may not be satisfied with the new change. Problem solving begins among the group to try to overcome any obstacles. The group must discuss the conflicts and try to empathize with the current situation in order to resolve it efficiently. Depending on the obstacle, a tremendous amount of understanding may be required. Often times, people pass judgment too quickly. This tends to happen because the team is still in the process of developing and trust has not yet been fully established. Lack of communication will occur when an individual feels that they can not put their trust into another team member. They are no longer willing to share their ideas. They also become afraid to disagree with others. A team project will only be successful if the team is open to considering all ideas that have been given. After decisions have been made, they must reach a consensus as a team. Effective communication is extremely important when working as a team. A strong bond is formed. Once a relationship has been established, the results are endless. Research Papers on Team CommunicationThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneThe Hockey GameMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalHip-Hop is ArtThree Concepts of PsychodynamicBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males