Girl Interrupted Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Young lady Interrupted - Movie Review Example As the story advances, Susanna got appended to Lisa who impacted her to cause issues with different patients. There was even a point where Susanna dismissed that she wasn't wiped out as what her beau had advised her since she depended much on Lisa. Susanna just came to acknowledge how risky Lisa's character was after Daisy murdered herself and Lisa demonstrated no kindness. Lisa even assaulted Susanna and took steps to slaughter herself, as well. Toward the finish of the film, Susanna was discharged from the organization. She left an astounding line Insane isn't tied in with being broken, or gulping a dull mystery. It's you, or me, amplified.... As per an examination directed by World Health Organization (2010) sorrow, tension, mental pain, sexual brutality, aggressive behavior at home and heightening paces of substance use influence ladies to a more prominent degree than men across various nations and various settings.

Marriot Being a Marketer Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marriot Being a Marketer - Case Study Example The advertiser offers phenomenal situating and division to the worldwide business element. The advertiser uses a few promoting techniques for his objective market and offers the perfect division for all the business endeavors far and wide. The advertiser gives more fixation on the buyer than some other component to make the business a triumph. He uses advertise looks into too get criticism that is generally used in the arrangement of the best administrations inside the worldwide business. Key promoting Issues Market look into Marriott uses statistical surveying to manage certain advertising issues or make upper hands towards its rivals. The worldwide uses various strategies to gather data for showcase assessments. Guaging strategies Marriott uses divergent determining methods for various brands offered inside its business domain. Markets-Marriott is a business-to-shopper advertise since it includes buyers and buyers of items without the goal of increasing any benefits from the offere d types of assistance. Market focusing on Marriott uses three systems in showcase focusing for its items. The three techniques are concentrated, separated and undifferentiated objective systems. Market situating Marriott has effectively situated its items in the contemplations of its purchasers by giving items that adequately address their wants. Situating has likewise helped Marriott in promoting division in a few different ways. Market division Marriott sections its market in like manner to suit all buyers visiting its inns everywhere throughout the globe. Division has broadly done to gather buyers as indicated by their requirements and inclinations. Individual Case Analysis Marriot case presents the fundamental and most basic ideas in the market systems. The case presents the challenges that an advertiser experiences to keep the business running. Market focusing on, division, and situating offer the advertiser with the best techniques to maintain the business. Marriott acquires a gigantic piece of the overall industry by working on unique nations around the world. Case Questions 1. How is Marriott sectioning the market for inn administrations? Promoting division offers extraordinary or unmistakable gatherings of purchasers with homogenous requirements and qualities (Shoba 1). Marriott has successfully sectioned the market into Marriott and Renaissance purchasers who bear divergent inclinations. Renaissance clients introduced the inclination to open the windows up and look outside upon appearance in their introduced rooms. The clients who invested their energy inside the Marriott’s property demonstrated enthusiasm for undertaking different cutting edge exercises, for example, video conferencing. Marriott has reacted to this call through the organization of hardware, for example, the latest account and correspondence devices inside the gathering places. The property has made an alliance with AT&T just as Cisco to give virtual gathering offices. Mar riott has likewise introduced another section inside its brands that comprise of clients and trade voyagers cognizant about the earth. Marriott has reacted to this portion through the advancement of model green inns. The lodging brands bearing these green inns are intended to hold mutual spaces, and visitor’s room that are increasingly situated towards protecting water, and vitality than the previous variants. Marriott brand with the green lodgings targets working in biological system amicable environs. The inns in this portion offer cushions produced from reused paper and key cards created out of reused plastics. The achievers fill in as one more of the numerous portions that Marriott has created.

Language Assessment Project Example

Language Assessment Project Example Language Assessment Project â€" Essay Example > The language Assessment Project RevisitedTeaching and testing: Most of the language teachers have little trust to both the tests and testers probably because they think that most of the types of language testing are usually of poor quality. They always harbor harmful effects on both learning and teaching respectively and fails short of accurately gauging their intended purpose. Backwash is known as the process of the effects of testing on teaching and learning. This process can either be beneficial or harmful. A good language test is very necessary and equally important judgment tool for the performance of the language learning student. Most often, language learning and testing are administered in the scenarios where is English is practiced, applied or used as second language (Read, 2000, p. 66). Grammar test are advisable to be administered by the writer in areas where English is used as a second language purposely to make it more original and real. In our case of in this paper, we are going to discuss English as second language in Saudi Arabian population learning English. We are going to investigate the English as a second language in the Saudi Arabian Background. The Handbook for the Teaching Staff, Test Takers and Users: Handbooks care written with different contents depending on the audience, and they are expected to contain the following contents: The test rationaleComplete sample tests as the sample contentsThe development and validation methods of the testsExplanations of how the tests scores are to be interpretedTest descriptions i. e. specifications version. Materials for training i. e. for raters and interviewers. Test administration training. The Testing ContextA design test was designed for the Saudi Arabia students in general since Saudi Arabia as a country speaks English as a second language. The assessment was carried out on what they had learnt on the grammar language thought their semester studies. The target groups were the students in their elementary level of educations of the ages between 14 â€" 16 years old and whose English aptitude level was transitional. The students who were selected for our study ranged on the same age group and had the same proficiency and skills in English. Examples of what the Saudi Arabia students learnt in grammar lessons and that were looked into included nouns, pronouns and verbs. We also based and conducted our achievement test on the Saudi Arabia first year students taking their grammar lessons as part of their syllabus. The details of these tests were broadly broken down on Appendix A. The students who normally take English as a second language always have a burning desire to learn more. The achievement tests in Saudi Arabia secondary schools platform are always of high stakes and the achievement motivation notwithstanding. And therefore this makes the achievement test a priority in the Saudi Arabian schools. The good results achieved from the scores of achievements tests did determined the promotions of the students to another level in their education, and so it was upon them to perform better on the design tests. The Test Features

The Los Angeles Of Anaheim - 929 Words

With the Los Angeles Angeles of Anaheim (you should only be allowed to represent one city) currently visiting the Bronx for a four-game series, the inevitable Mike Trout to Yankees trade rumors began to sprout up. So much in so, that Trout’s own family and friends began to pester him with questions about the possibility of one day soon, coming home to play. For those who don’t know, Trout grew up in nearby Millville, N.J., less than a two-and-a-half-hour drive to â€Å"the stadium.† When asked by N.J. Advance Media about the possibility of a trade to the Yankees, before the start of the series on Monday night, Trout replied, â€Å"I just say that I’m happy where I am right now.† Well, well, well, that doesn’t exactly sound like a ringing endorsement of staying in O.C. for the long haul, now does it? Maybe Trout has become weary of spending his baseball prime stuck in a situation that is more doom than gloom. The Angels finished the 2015 campaign in third place, while currently wallowing in fourth, already nine games behind division leader Texas. Saddled with a mixed roster of overpaid, injury prone players and unproven below-average talent; then combined with a minor league system that ranks dead last according to Baseball America, it would make sense now, more than ever that this Angels franchise cashes in on arguably the most complete player currently in the game. Trading ‘Mike from Millville’ is easier said than done. And obviously, if and when he is made available, there willShow MoreRelatedFBI Uniform Crime Report1064 Words   |  5 Pageskeeping in the last 20 years (Measures, n.d.). Calculating rates of crime (generally, per 1000 people or 100,000 people) requires that the number of offenses be divided by an accurate count of the population (Measures, n.d.). Comparing Los Angeles and Anaheim Burglary offenses Starting by understanding the definition of burglary it is more understating where these statistics come from. The FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program defines burglary as the unlawful entry of a structure to commitRead MoreRampart Scandal Essays1264 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough many people had experienced the brutal actions of the LAPD officer, the Rampart Scandal opened the eyes of many people who were not aware of these incidents occurring in the Los Angeles Police Department. The Rampart Scandal moved through the LAPD fairly quickly through a series of events throughout the Los Angeles Police Department. The Rampart Scandal involved a series of events. The first event began in March 18, 1997 when a LAPD officer named Frank Lyga shot and killed another police officerRead MoreHealth Policy, Healthy Cities1370 Words   |  6 Pagesabout my attendance at the Los Amigos meeting in Anaheim, share my experience in attending the Homeless Families with Young Children: A Community Response conference in Long Beach, discuss what I have learned in the Community Health Improvement Plan in Riverside County, and examine the relevance of my experiences to public health as well as to my personal and professional growth. The first community meeting that I have ever attended was the Los Amigos meeting in Anaheim. As soon as I sat down, theRead MoreMega Cities And World Cities1299 Words   |  6 PagesBangkok, Mumbai and Manila. Los Angeles as a World City in the developed world and Manila as a World City in the developing world have similarities and differences. Spatial Distribution Most World Cities are in developed nations and the majority of these are located in the northern hemisphere, in particular, north America and Europe. Other World Cities are more spread outside of North America and Europe such as Sao Paulo in South America or Sydney in Australia. Los Angeles is located on America’sRead MoreWalter Elias Disney s Life1693 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1925, Disney hired an ink-and-paint artist named Lillian Bounds. Lillian and Walt got married in July 13, 1925. Their first child was Diane Disney Miller, born on December 18, 1933 in Los Angeles, California. They adopted their second child, Sharon Mae Disney, who was born on December 31, 1936 in Los Angeles, California. Years later, Disney discovered Margaret Winkler and her husband Charles Mintz stole the rights to Oswald, along with all of his animators except for Iwerks. The Disney brothersRead MoreThe National Hockey League Of Sun Belt Cities1350 Words   |  6 Pagesgave a tearful farewell to Edmonton after being traded to the Los Angeles Kings. The Gretzky trade had effects beyond the two teams. The landscape of the National Hockey League changed in the years following the Gretzky trade. Ten years after the trade Anaheim, Dallas, Phoenix, Miami, San Jose, and Tampa were awarded NHL franchises. The National Hockey League’s southern expansion was partially driven by the attendance increase the Los Angeles Kings experienced after the Gretzky trade. The goal of thisRead MoreHuman Environment And Its Impact On The Environment1583 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 318.9 million humans residing in America, 80.7 percent of these people live in urban areas according to U.S. Census Bureau in 2010. The three most densely populated cities in America include New York, Chicago, and of course Los Angeles. The Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim urban area contains 12,150,996 residents (Berg). With the increasing amount of densely populated areas, it is important to discover the negative effects of urbanization on the environment and also how we can reverse the negativeRead MoreThe Klux Klan And The Klan846 Words   |  4 Pagesover the city council in Anaheim California. Four Klansmen were elected and served for eleven months as a part of the Board of Trustees, according to the Los Angeles Times newspaper (It’s been 70 years). The newspapers and other types of media eventually exposed the men for who they really were, making many people outraged. Recall petitions for the men were circulated and they were soon removed from office. A list was also distributed to the public, which exposed several Anaheim city officials, as wellRead MoreDisneyland History1565 Words   |  7 Pages195 3, he had the Stanford Research Institute conduct a survey for a 100-acre site, outside of Los Angeles. He needed space to build rivers, waterfalls, and mountains; he would have flying elephants and giant teacups;a fairy-tale castle, moon rockets, and a scenic railway; all inside a magic kingdom he called Disneyland. Location was a top priority. The property would have to be within the Los Angeles metropolitan area, and accessible by freeway. It would also have to be affordable: Walt s pocketsRead MoreThe Backbone Of The Health Care System1427 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity Los Angeles. The Antioch University Counseling Center is staffed by authorized Marriage and Family (MFT) therapists and clinicians. AUCC offers counseling services to the communities of West Los Angeles, Venice, Marina del Rey, and Culver City. The Antioch University Counseling Center gives psychotherapy administrations to people, couples, and families. Antioch University Los Angeles also runs the Antioch University International Counseling Center, situated in West Los Angeles with a specific

Reconsider Planting Leyland Cypress in Your Yard

The rapidly-growing Leyland cypress tree, or  Cupressocyparis leylandii,  quickly outgrows its space in a typical yard, unless properly and regularly trimmed. These trees have the potential to grow to 60 feet tall. They are not a practical tree to plant as a small yard hedge on tight, six- to eight-foot  centers. Tight spacing of the plant means that you must commit major time and effort to constant pruning. Leyland cypress is a  short-lived conifer, with a typical lifespan of 20 to 25 years, and will eventually have to be removed. Even properly-spaced trees left to grow may have limited root support, and are subject to being blown down during high winds if planted on wet soils. Consider the work needed to maintain a Leyland cypress before planting one. Why Not Plant Leyland Cypress? A study of Leyland cypress done at the University of Tennessee indicated that a lot of damage on these trees is simply environmental, and not always directly caused by a disease or insect. The study indicated that stress from a harsh winter can cause sporadic limb die off among Leyland cypress trees. Leyland cypresses grow into large, mature trees at 60-plus feet tall with a potential 20-plus foot spread. When they are planted as hedges on tight centers less of than 10 feet, there will be a major competitive  struggle for nutrients and shading. When needles turn brown or drop, the tree is reacting to environmental stresses. Leyland cypress trees do not tolerate many diseases and insects well, especially when environmental stressors are present. Spacing and soil may create an environment that can cause future stress on these trees. Planting Leyland cypress too close together or too close to other trees and structures that shade them can decrease vigor and increase pest damage. Caring for an Existing Tree Eliminating moisture stress on Leyland cypress through watering techniques can help lessen the occurrence of canker diseases. In particular, Leyland cypress is susceptible to Seiridium canker. There is no control for this disease other than to prune out the infected plant part. Watering is a long-term commitment for the Leyland cypress owner. These trees should be watered during any period of dry weather and should receive at least 1 inch of water per week. Pour the water at the base of the tree, and do not spray water on the foliage with sprinklers or watering techniques that can cause various  tree disease. As these tree age and lose lower foliage, consider removing Leyland cypress individually as they deteriorate, and replace each with a deciduous evergreen tree like wax myrtle.

De-icing operations at Minnesota Saint Paul Free Essays

string(104) " consequences the squad would travel one or multiple phases back in order to polish their old purposes\." Executive Summary This study explains the consequences of research into how de-icing operations at Minnesota Saint Paul could be improved. The findings were that this airdrome should utilize a combination of infrared warming and antifreeze crop-dusting in order to defrost aircraft in a fast, safe, cost effectual and environmentally friendly manner. The de-icing procedure is called the â€Å" thrust through method † and this study has backed up its probe through elaborate computations and the usage of a determination matrix to compare the benefits of the thrust through method against utilizing others. We will write a custom essay sample on De-icing operations at Minnesota Saint Paul or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although there are some jobs such as its comparatively long payback clip of 2.5 old ages, plus risk the airdrome may hold to pay license fees due to patents on the engineering, the benefits of the thrust through method outweigh these drawbacks. One ground for this is that after the payback period the airdrome will do an one-year economy of about $ 7,080,000 Introduction Rationale for the research The procedure of taking ice, hoar or snow from the surface of an aircraft is known as aircraft de-icing. This is an indispensable process because if these substances accumulate on an aeroplane they will magnify the retarding force force that the plane experiences. This will cut down the ability of its wings to bring forth adequate lift force to let it to take-off or tactic whilst in flight. Besides, harm could be caused if a big piece of ice dislodges from the plane and hits sensitive constituents like its engine. This could take to riders losing their lives in a clang and others losing their belongingss. The Federal Aviation Administration, FAA, modulate all major civil air power operations in America. One of their regulations is that aircraft must be free of ice before takeoff and during flight. Background This study uses Minneapolis Saint Paul ( MSP ) airdrome, Minnesota, as its primary instance survey. This is because aircraft at this airdrome often needs to undergo make up one’s minding as a consequence of the cold clime before, during and after winter in that part. MSP airdrome spans 3,400 estates, has five tracks, five de-icing tablets and â€Å" served more than 32 million travelers in 2009 doing it 15th in the United States andA 30th in the universe in footings of figure of riders served yearly. † ( MSP Airport, 2010 ) De-icing is presently carried out at MSP airdrome by operators who spray an ethylene-glycol based aircraft de-icing fluid onto planes. Storm H2O drains to roll up the waste fluid, before it is transported by a truck to a recycling installation to be treated. It needs intervention because its high Biochemical Oxygen Demand ( BOD ) makes it harmful to the environment. Research Aims and Aims This probe aims to happen a method and chemical to utilize for de-icing planes which is more environmentally friendly, cheaper and faster than that which is presently used in MSP airdrome. It should be a â€Å" entire solution engineering † which eliminates/reduces all the jobs that the current de-icing method causes without bring forthing damaging side effects. These purposes will be achieved by finishing the undermentioned aims: Identify a replacement de-icing fluid which has the same/better de-icing functionality but costs less and is safer than the one presently used in MSP airdrome. Find a better manner to recycle the waste de-icing fluid Ensure that the new utility chemical allow de-icing fluid to be recycled Find another manner to take snow from aircraft GENERIC DESIGN PROCESS Administrations frequently use a generic design procedure as they turn a merchandise thought into a manufactured point. Using a systematic, good organised designed procedure helps to cut down the research and development clip that a fresh merchandise experiences. The design squad for this undertaking used a generic design procedure and the actions that they took at each phase are detailed below: Merchandise Planning – First the squad used merchandise planning to assist do that dependable and valid research was carried out directly off. This started this by keep backing a treatment in which they clarified the purpose and aims of the undertaking. Then they identified their strengths and failings in relation to these aims to assist them take which responsibilities they were responsible for. Finally they agreed upon timescales in which to accomplish each aim. Designation of Customer Needs – Customers demands guided the squad ‘s merchandise inventions that were found. The squad held interviews with a representative from each major stakeholder group in the air hose industry, such as the air hose director and spray operator, to let them to voice their demands. This made it easier for the squad to put merchandise specifications and design a merchandise that they would O.K. . Constitution of Product Specifications – The client demands were ranked in order of their importance. The rank of each demand was relative to a weighting, tungsten, which was later used in a determination matrix. This information was used to bring forth merchandise specifications which were further defined utilizing prosodies. Coevals of merchandise thoughts – A insight was held to bring forth merchandise thoughts. This was utile because it encouraged the squad to construct thoughts on top of one another. From this they saw similarities between thoughts and linked some of them to specify a entire solution engineering. Choice of merchandise thoughts – A determination matrix was used to quantitatively compare the importance of each client demand in relation to the merchandise thoughts. The merchandise with the highest mark was selected for proving. Testing – The entire solution engineering was further evaluated in footings of its public presentation and economic viability. Because it was really good its specifications were was sent to industries so that they could construct a paradigm. Figure 1 – An illustration of the generic design procedure Figure 1 illustrates the merchandise design methodological analysis which begins with merchandise planning and ends with proving and industry. The flecked lines show that if one phase of the design procedure did non give advantageous consequences the squad would travel one or multiple phases back in order to polish their old purposes. You read "De-icing operations at Minnesota Saint Paul" in category "Essay examples" Then they would progress through each phase of the procedure once more until they reached the concluding testing and fabrication phase. This process of measuring and re-assessing merchandise developments ensured that hapless designs were eliminated or improved before they reached the testing and industries phase. Need Assorted clients have an involvement in aircraft de-icing operations ; these persons are referred to as stakeholders. The success of this venture will depend on how good it meets the demands of these persons. Hence, the squad evaluated each stakeholder ‘s demand utilizing an interview and ranked it harmonizing to its importance. Information Gathering The stakeholders were identified on the footing on who will pay for, sell, usage and run the de-icing engineering, these included air hose pilots and riders etc. They were interviewed and their responses are summarised below. Spray operator Q1: How do you defrost a plane? â€Å" A container on a truck is filled with de-icing fluid which is assorted with H2O to a 50 % concentration by volume. I sit in an enclosed cabin and heat the fluid onboard the truck to 70oC before I spray it onto the plane until all the ice thaws. † Airport director Q2: How of import is the BOD of a de-icing fluid? â€Å" Very of import, we pay the intervention works about $ 0.35 per US gallon and the monetary value goes up if the BOD additions. Our airdrome is fined if the BOD5 discharged to the environment exceeds 900 metric tons per twelvemonth. Q3: How long would you anticipate to wait for a return on your investing? â€Å" 1.5-2 old ages † Q4: How much does ethylene glycol cost? â€Å" The norm is $ 5-7 per gallon. † Q5: What safeguards were taken since your last incident? â€Å" We thought of retraining staff, but now operations are run by an outsourced concern. De-icing tablets and a drainage system were installed. † Aircraft director Q6: What do you believe of incorporating a warming system onto aircraft? â€Å" Not ideal for commercial planes because it ‘s expensive † Air traffic accountant Q7: How severe is the break caused by aircraft de-icing? â€Å" During the extremum of the winter season there are regular holds. Aircraft must be de-iced once more if they exceed a holdover clip of 5 proceedingss. † Ranking of demands and ‘sanity check ‘ The squad identified the most of import stakeholder demands and ranked them as listed below. Each demand was given a weighting, tungsten, harmonizing to its rank as portion of a ‘sanity cheque ‘ . Table 1 – The rank of each stakeholder demand and its weighting Need Weight-ing, tungsten Reasons 1 ) Safety 4 Safety was the top concern of every stakeholder. Aircraft at MSP airdrome can merely transport riders if they obey safety ordinances set by the FAA. 2 ) Life Cost 3 Some stakeholders disagreed on fiscal issues sing how much hard currency should be spent on certain points. e.g most spray operators would wish luxury de-icing cabins whereas airdrome directors would instead put the money. However, all stakeholders agreed that no de-icer with a high life-time cost would be acceptable. 3 ) Speed 2 Slow de-icing can do net income losingss due to detain flights. 4 ) Environmental impact 1 Although the airdrome will be fined for doing inordinate pollution these costs are usually absorbed by clients. Constitution OF PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS Most of the demands highlighted by stakeholders were expressed in a qualitative mode. They needed to be converted into specifications in order to avoid fiddling yet expensive betterments being made to MSP airdrome. To make this the worst instance de-icing conditions that could potentially take topographic point at MSP airdrome were defined and as portion of saneness cheque. Following prosodies were used set up specifications for merchandise and procedure design methods that could get by with the worst instance de-icing scenarios at the airdrome. Specification 1 – Annual length of operation The day of the months in which the planes will necessitate to be de-iced scopes from November to early April because on these day of the months the temperature in Minneapolis Saint Paul is below stop deading. Therefore, any new de-icing method must be able to run through this period of 5 months and 1 hebdomad ( 157 yearss ) every twelvemonth. ( Figure 2 ) Figure 2- The mean last temperature in MSP every twelvemonth from 1971-2000 Specifications 2 – The instance survey aircraft and its ice coverage The mass of ice on a plane was calculated utilizing a worst instance scenario, which was that one of the biggest commercial rider planes ; the Boeing-747 ( BBC, 2007 ) needed to be de-iced. It was assumed that the top country of both its wings was covered by a 1cm thick bed of ice. Flying country ( Boeing-747 ) = 541.2 M2 ( Airliners, 2010 ) Ice Thickness = 0.01m Ice Coverage 100 % i Volume of ice on wings, Volice = 5.412 M3 ( App. 1, Eqn 1 ) Density of ice, I?ice = 917kg/m3 ( Kotz, 2009 ) i Mass of ice, = 4962.8 kilogram ( App. 1, Eqn 2 ) Specifications 3- Heating Duty Latent heat of merger of ice= 333 kJ/Kg ( Bird, 2003 ) i Minimum warming responsibility = 1652.6 MJ ( App 1, Eqn 3 ) Specifications 4 – The utility de-icing fluid The atmospheric temperature in MSP airdrome during the de-icing season is 20oF ( -29oC ) therefore the replacement ADF stop deading point must be less than 20oC in order to keep its functionality. Additionally it must supply a freezing point depression of more than 20oC as a consequence of this ambient temperature. All the stakeholders agreed that merchandise safety is of topmost importance, so the replacement ADF should be less toxic than ethylene-glycol. Additionally they agree that the one-year natural stuff costs of the new cubing method should be less than that of the current method. Two ways to make this are to utilize less cubing fluid per plane in the first case ; this should be less than the 408 gallons per aircraft required by the current de-icing method ( App. 1, Eqn. 9 ) , or to recycle the de-icing fluid. GENERATION AND SCREENING OF IDEAS The squad worked separately and brainstormed together to assist maximize the figure of good thoughts that were generated. Whilst making so they reflected upon the merchandise specifications to and stakeholder demands to assist test thoughts. De-icing Ideas De-icing boots – Rubber boots are attached to the front borders of wings on the plane. The aircraft inflates these boots with air to do ice that take ice that has accumulated on them. An unacceptable hazard of utilizing this method in MSP is that the system must be activated every bit shortly as a before an big ice bed can organize and hit other parts of the plane when it dislodges. Bleed air- In this method hot air from the aircraft engines is blasted on to the ice to run it. Although this could run ice really rapidly the airdrome director at MSP airdromes commented that incorporating heating systems on to aircraft is â€Å" non ideal for commercial planes because it ‘s expensive † . Mechanical Scraping/Blowing Employees use coppices, or fabrics to physically force ice off the aircraft. This method would be really easy to set into pattern at MSP because the equipment the required is really inexpensive. But it is more likely that harm will be done to aeroplanes as the employees scrape ice so the resulting aircraft care cost is could be really high. A propene ethanediol based de-icing fluid – Propylene ethanediol is a popular de-icing fluid and is regarded as non-toxic, hence it was chosen for farther probe. Decision Matrix The interviews that were conducted with the stakeholders highlighted that some client demands are more of import than others. Although the importance of some specific demands differed in each stakeholder group four demands were systematically rated as indispensable. These standards were analysed in a determination matrix with weighing Markss taken from Table 1 Table 2- Decision Matrix which focuses on the alternate deinking methods Option Ethylene Glycol ( Benchmark ) A Propylene Glycol Infrared + Propylene-glycol Standards Burdening tungsten Rating Mark Rating Mark Rating Mark Safety A 5 2 10 4 20 7 35 Life Cost A 4 5 20 5 20 6 24 Speed A 3 A 5 15 A 4 16 6 18 Environmental impact A 2 A 1 2 A 5 10 6 14 Entire A 14 A 13 47 A 18 66 A 25 91 Harmonizing to this determination matrix the best de-icing solution should be based on a combination of infrared and propylene ethanediol de-icers is the best as this option has the highest sore. The 2nd best method would be to utilize an ADF which is based on propene ethanediol instead than ethylene ethanediol. SELECTION OF IDEAS A comparing of ethylene-glycol and propylene ethanediols based de-icing fluids The most freezing point sedatives in aircraft de-icing fluids in the US are ethylene ethanediol ( EG ) and propylene ethanediol ( PG ) . Because PG and EG have a similar life-time cost, in this chapter the chemicals will be compared at a 50 % concentration by volume in footings of their safety, de-icing velocity and environmental impact because these are three of the most of import needs the stakeholders. Safety Ethylene ethanediol has a comparatively high toxicity when compared to Propylene-Glycol. It has been classed by the US Congress as a risky air pollutant ( HAP ) , if 2268 kilogram or more flights into the environment within 24 hours users are obligated to describe the event under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act ( CERCL ) . However propylene ethanediol is non classified as a HAP, and users are non required to inform CERCL if it is released. Both chemicals are said to be non-lethal if worlds if they are breathed in with air or adsorbed through tegument. However, unlike PG, EG is toxic to worlds and mammals if it is ingested straight. Even though PG it is regarded as non-toxic it is still a wellness jeopardy because it uses O as it biodegrades which could do some beings to smother. De-icing Speed The freezing point of Propylene-glycol is -34oC which is somewhat higher than ethylene-glycol which freezes at -37oC. This is one of the grounds why MSP airdrome still uses EG. Another is that a lower volume of antifreeze is required for EG to accomplish the same freeze point depression as PG. MSP airdrome suffers severe conditions extremes so it needs to utilize an ADF which is dependable, particularly in highly cold conditions as this is by and large when it takes longer to defrost aircraft Propylene-glycol ‘s boiling point is 106oC whereas ethene ethanediol has a boiling point of 102.2oC for ethene ethanediol. In this instance Propylene-glycol is the better pick because it can reassign heat to frost at a higher temperature than ethylene ethanediol. Discussion There are some drawbacks with respect to utilizing ethylene ethanediol as a de-icing fluid, particularly refering its environmental impact. But, overall EG and PG have a similar de-icing public presentation degree. The Rate of Melting due to Heat Conduction Entirely The ADF is heated to 70oC before it is sprayed onto the plane, this heat entirely will do the ice to run through heat conductivity. The rate of this warming was calculated utilizing equation 1a, 1a ) Where Q= is the heat flow rate in the X-direction in kJ/s, A is the country normal to the way of heat flow in M2, dT/dx is the temperature gradient and K is the thermic conduction of ice The thermic conduction of ice at -20oC is 2.39 W/mK, the country normal to the way of heat flow is equal to the flying country of the Boeing 747 =541.2m2, the temperature alteration that occurs is ( 70oC- -20oc ) =90oC and the thickness of the ice x is 0.01m. Therefore the rate of heat transportation by the temperature of the de-icing fluid alone is 2a ) The reasonable heat is kJ ( App. 1, Eqn 12 ) The latent heat of merger is 1652612.4 kJ, ( App.1, Eqn 3 ) Summarizing the above gives the sum of het required to run the ice on a Boeing 747 from a starting temperature of -20oC which is Hence minimal clip that it would take to run the ice on the plane by heat conductivity entirely is This is a really fast clip, particularly as harmonizing to the undertaking brief, de-icing at MSP airdrome usually takes 10 proceedingss per plane. One ground ground for this difference is due to the fact that the ADF fluid is non ever in full contact with ice, merely its bottom surface is. Additionally these computations assume that heat transportation occurs over the whole of each flying equally, which is non the instance in existent life because de-icing fluid is sprayed onto the wing in different locations consistently. A concluding cause of this difference could be due to the fact that snow has a lower heat conduction, K, than ice and so any snow on a plane would take down the rate of heat transportation from the ADF. Entire SOLUTION TECHNOLOGY Drive-Through De-icing Figure 3 – An illustration of the thrust through de-icing engineering The concluding design construct was to carry on de-icing operations as a thrust through system. First the aircraft enters the Infrared airdock where and warm air blows snow of its wings whilst they are heated by infrared radiation for a typical continuance of 5-10 proceedingss. Ice on the plane thaws onto an inclined incline and the effluent is channelled into the waste aggregation zone. Water is channelled through bing storm H2O pipes into substructure to the located under the floor of the crop-dusting and waste aggregation country. The effluent is pumped out and transferred by a truck into the airdrome ‘s detainment pools. When the effluent has been removed compaction stoppers are removed and the plane moves into the spraying country. Here it is sprayed with propene ethanediol for up to 5 proceedingss to assist forestall any ice forming on it before takeoff. The propene ethanediol drains into a separate country of the aggregation chamber and is pumped to a detainment pool until it is due to be recycled. Finally the compaction plus are reinstalled so the system is ready to defrost another plane. Recycling Solution Minneapolis presently uses three Glycol Recovery Vehicles to roll up effluent. Using the IR installation eliminates the demand to defrost aircraft utilizing ethanediol by around 90 % , so no more of these vehicles will necessitate to be bought if the new engineering is adopted. Besides the airdrome has saved capital costs by utilizing their bing storm H2O drains to roll up both ethanediol and storm H2O. These storm drains can and should go on to be used if MSP airdrome adopts the Drive-Through De-icing system to salvage hard currency and clip during the installing of the new system. Harmonizing to ( Big book ) â€Å" Careful direction of the keeping systems enables the airdrome to roll up adequate effluent with high ethanediol concentrations to do glycol recycling/recovery economically feasible. † The bulk of ethanediol which is recycled is sold to makers who use it in other glycol-based merchandises. Analysis OF ECONOMIC VIABLITY Rate of return on investing ( ROI ) 3a ) Payback Time 3b ) =2.5 old ages Unfortunately the payback clip on the thrust through de-icing method is non fast plenty to fulfill the Airport Directors at MSP who expect a payback clip of â€Å" 1.5-2 old ages † . A higher rate of return on investing would cut down the payback clip so it would be wise to look into extra ways to cut down the cost of de-icing utilizing this engineering, and ways to better its efficiency. Patent issues Because this entire solution engineering uses de-icing methods which have been used in industry antecedently, but it combines them in a alone manner it is hard to measure whether or non it can be patented. Furthermore, it is expected that it would take a long clip to patent the merchandise even if it were possible because of its complexness and usage of old de-icing thoughts. The writer has recommended that MSP airdrome consults a attorney sing these affairs if they do non necessitate to utilize the de-icing solution instantly. If MSP airdrome do necessitate to utilize the engineering instantly they might hold to pay licence fees to one or more patent proprietors. Decision The findings from this probe have shown that the solution engineering that MSP airdrome should utilize to better its aircraft de-icing solution involves utilizing infrared warming and a propene ethanediol as a utility chemical for ethylene-glycol. The procedure is called the â€Å" thrust through method † and the major advantages of this intercrossed solution are that it meets the demands of its stakeholders by being safe, holding a low life-time cost, fast aircraft de-icing rate and low environmental impact. Evidence of this has been provided through a determination matrix and several mathematical ratings. Unfortunately this solution has a payback clip of 2.5 old ages, so research should be carried out to uncover how to do the one-year rate of return on the investing higher. Finally, this intercrossed system uses patented engineering so MSP airdrome might hold to pay license fees for a figure of old ages if it used the thrust through method. However, after the payback period the one-year economy of $ 70,844,300 per twelvemonth outweighs any of these drawbacks. Further Recommendations Find ways to cut the operating cost of the Drive-Through De-icing system as this will raise the one-year rate of return that this engineering provides. If the rate of return is high plenty the payback clip will drop below 2 old ages and the airdrome directors in MSP will hold this demand fulfilled. Use hot air to blow snow off the aircraft in the IR airdock. This will assist to run the snow and ice excessively, nevertheless the cost of warmin+ 3.0g air may countervail the benefit of a faster de-icing clip. Nb, as shown by the weightings, tungsten, in Table 1, the life-time cost of the engineering is more of import that the de-icing velocity that it provides. Mentions Books and Diaries Bird J.O. , 2003, Science for technology, pp. 205, Newnes, 2003, UK Ketler P. , Mosher M. , Scott A. , 2008, Chemistry: The Practical Science, media enhanced edition, Cengage Learning, pp. 478, UK Kotz J.C. , Paul T. , Townsend R.J. , 2009, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Cengage Learning, pp. 15, USA Tsokos K.A. , 2010, Cambridge Physics for the IB Diploma, pp. 172, Cambridge University Press, UK Sinnot R.K. , 2005, Coulson and Richardson ‘s Chemical Engineering Series: Chemical Engineering Design, pp. 439, Butterworth-Heinmann, UK Online Resources MSP Airport, 2010, About Us, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mspairport.com/about-msp.aspx, 24/10/2010 RSS Weather, 2003, Minneapolis-St. Paul, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rssweather.com/climate/Minnesota/Minneapolis-St.Paul, 23/10/10 Airliners.Net, 2010, The Boeing 747-400, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main? id=100, 20/10/2010 BBC, 25/10/2007, A380 superjumbo lands in Sydney, hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7061164.stm, 19/10/2010 Energy Information Administration, October 2010, Electric Power Monthly, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm.pdf, 15/10/2010 Wingss Magazine, 2007, Infrared De-icing: Giving glycol a tally for its money, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wingsmagazine.com/content/view/1325/38/ , 23/10/10 APPENDICIES Appendix 1 Specifications 2 -The instance survey aircraft and its ice coverage The mass of ice on a plane was calculated utilizing a worst instance scenario, which was that one of the biggest commercial rider planes ; the Boeing-747 ( BBC, 2007 ) needed to be de-iced. It was assumed that the top country of both its wings was covered by a 1cm thick bed of ice. Flying country ( Boeing-747 ) = 541.2 M2 Ice Thickness = 0.01m Ice Coverage 100 % of flying country ( 1 ) Density of ice, I?ice = 917kg/m3 ( Kotz, 2009 ) ( 2 ) Specifications 3 -Heating Duty The ice on the aircraft needed to be provided with adequate energy to get the better of its 333kJ/Kglatent heat of merger, L, to run. The sum of heat energy, Q, required to accomplish this was calculated utilizing Equation 3 ( 3 ) ( Bird, 2003 ) Specifications 4 – The utility de-icing fluid In this subdivision the volume of ethene ethanediol and propene ethanediol needed to defrost a individual Boeing-747 will be calculated and compared. The prosodies are based upon a 50 % by volume solution of each chemical. Volume of Ethylene Glycol Required The freeze point depression of an ideal solution is given by the expression ( 5 ) Where a?† Tf represents the freeze point depression, m, is the solute concentration and Kf represents the freeze point depression invariable of H2O which is 1.86A °KA ·kg/mol ( Kilter P. , Mosher M. and Scott A. Andrew Scott, 2008 ) The coveted freeze point depression, a?† Tf is 20oC because winter temperatures in MSP autumn to that temperature, harmonizing to the undertaking brief. ( 6 ) The figure of moles of ethanediol required to accomplish the freeze point depression: ( 7 ) The chemical expression of ethylene-glycol is CH2OHCH2OH Mr Carbon = 12, Oxygen=16, Hydrogen=1 iMr ethene ethanediol = 2*16+2*12 + 1*6= 62 g/mol Therefore the mass of ethylene-glycol required per plane is: ( 8 ) The denseness of UCAR ADF at 20oC is 8.9 lb/gal ( US ) ( 1.07 kg/L ) ( SAE AMS 1424 Ethylene Glycol-Based Type I Fluids page 8 ) Therefore the volume of ethylene-glycol required is at least 408 US gallons ( 9 ) Because the de-icing fluid used in MSP airdrome is 50 % ethylene-glycol and about 50 % H2O, defrosting a individual plane would necessitate duplicate the sum of ADF which works out at 6,184 liters. The cost of ethene ethanediol per aircraft In general the chemical constituents in de-icing fluids, such as H2O, have a sum cost which is well less than that of ethylene-glycol. Hence the cost of these constituents in de-icing unstable solutions as deemed insignificant and ignored. Harmonizing to the airdrome director that was interviewed the minimal cost of a gallon of ethene ethanediol is $ 5 per US gallon ( 10 ) In MSP airdrome there is an norm of 293 takeoffs per twenty-four hours from 5 de-icing tablets ( MSP Airport, 2010 ) Assuming that during the de-icing season in MSP lasts 157 yearss and every plane needs to be de-iced the one-year cost of ADF is about ( 11 ) Reasonable heat required Harmonizing to the undertaking brief winter temperatures in Minneapolis Saint Paul autumn to-20oC. Ice must be brought to its runing point of 0oC before it can undergo a stage alteration from solid to liquid. Where Cp is the specific heat capacity of ice at -20oC which is 2 kJ/kg/K, ( Tsokos KA, 2010 ) , m is the mass of ice and a?† T is the temperature difference ( 12 ) Harmonizing to Wingsmagazine ( 2010 ) Ian Sharkey, the manager of de-icing services, with Radiant Aviation Services stated that during an ice storm on March 15-16, 2007 his squad had an â€Å" norm aircraft â€Å" block † clip ( aircraft brakes on to brakes off ) of less than 43 proceedingss for big aircraft † hence it was assumed that the Boeing 747 could be de-iced in this timeframe every bit good. This information was used to gauge the power that the IR deice would necessitate to convey the ice on an aircraft from -15oC to 0oC in 43 proceedingss, ( 13 ) Latent heat required Next was calculated which is the power needed to run the ice on the aircraft at 0oC in 47 proceedingss. ( 14 ) Therefore the entire power needed to run ice on the aircraft in 43 proceedingss by utilizing infrared deink engineering, QIR is ( 15 ) To do the value of QIR more realistic some premises refering the sum of energy loss, between the heat beginning and the wing were added. From this the excess power that the optical maser will necessitate to give out in order to get the better of the inferred energy lost as between the beginning and its finish ( transport efficiency ) and the energy lost due to contemplation by the ice on the surface of the wing ( absorption efficiency ) was calculated. Laser device efficiency, I ·laser=0.33, Transport efficiency, I ·transport = 0.75 Absorption efficiency, I ·absorbtion =0.75 The optical maser device, conveyance and soaking up efficiencies cut down the sum of energy that heats the ice. This is called the efficiency loss, 1-I ·i, and it was calculated as follows , ( 16 ) Hence, ( 17 ) Similarly, ( 18 ) Hence, the per centum excess energy, , required to cover for these energy losingss is ( 19 ) In existent footings ( 20 ) From this the entire IR power required to run ice from ice from its initial temperature of -20oC ( 21 ) = 586kW+227.9kW +1090.5kW= 1904.4 kilowatt Cost of de-icing utilizing IR energy Convert to kWh, The entire IR energy demand was converted into kWh as the de-icing clip of about 43 proceedingss for a Boeing 747 in highly rough conditions ( wingsmagazine, 2010 ) ( 22 ) In Minnesota during 2010 the â€Å" Average Retail Monetary value of Electricity to Ultimate clients † within was $ 0.068 per kWh ( Electric power monthly, 2010 ) Therefore the estimated the cost of defrosting a Boeing 747, by IR radiation in 43 proceedingss is: ( 23 ) We must account for the cost of anti-icing fluid ; this 10 % of the normal sum of ethanediol ( 24 ) Hence, ( 25 ) This system runs for 157days, with 293 takeoffs per twenty-four hours which gives an one-year running cost of approximately $ 26.8 million per tablet. ( 26 ) The capital cost of the IR de-icing tablets The JFK airdrome is a hub airdrome runs commercial rider flights in a similar manner to the the MSP airdrome. The JFK airdrome cost â€Å" $ 9.5-million † and can keep big aircraft such as the Boeing 747, which this study focuses on. Due to these similarities it can be assumed that the cost of the IR installation in 2010 will be around US $ 9.5 million every bit good. However a cost index should be used because the IR installation in JFK airdrome was commissioned in 2006 ( Wingsmagazine, 2010 ) The cost of the hanger was scaled up utilizing the CEPCI, so that it would be accurate for 2010. The latest information available to us was the CEPCI for 2008, it was 575.4 so and as of April 2010 it is 55.3 ( Access Intelligence, LLC 2010 ) . Taking this into history an estimation of the cost of the hanger in 2010 was made. ( Eqn 27 ) ( 27 ) There are five IR de-icing tablets so the entire capital cost is $ 49,219,345 Fixed cost – Staff fees The IR airdock, spray country and aggregation country will each hold a supervisor and operator, working an 8 hr, 9AM-5PM displacement for 5 yearss per hebdomad. Their wages will be ?18,000 ( technician ) and ?24,000 ( supervisor ) . The senior director for each de-icing tablet will hold a wage of $ 30,000. MSP will necessitate 5 new IR de-icing tablets to replace the 5 EG de-icing tablets that they presently use. How to cite De-icing operations at Minnesota Saint Paul, Essay examples

Family Law Dynamics in South Africa free essay sample

Moreover there are significant consequences on families such as child-headed households and foster care. Additionally the constitutional era’s bringing of the Bill of Rights guaranteeing sex equality has additionally changed the dynamics of South African marriages. This paper will investigate and discuss the dynamics of families and family law in South Africa and determine the extent to which they have transformed over time due to socio-legal and socio-political influences. Social, political and legal influences on South African family-law and their initial consequences From a socio-political point of view South Africa has transformed dramatically due to many influences but none more so than the Apartheid regime. The discriminatory nature of the Apartheid left many consequences on South African families. Firstly the original Black Administration Act did not hold customary marriages in the same esteem as civil marriages and heavily restricted the proprietary rights of women and children. Paternal power was unfairly exercised as the father being the head of the household had total influence over household possessions. Furthermore law did not formally recognize customary marriages of polygamy. Possibly equaling the dramatic effect that the Apartheid has had on South Africa is the HIV/AIDS pandemic. It is estimated that South Africa has a higher number of AIDS orphans than any other country. This has brought about many changes in the dynamics of South African families as a growing number of child-headed households are being formed as well as uncertainty created pertaining to care of the orphans. Due to factors such as an increasing crime rate and uneven education availability, in the case of divorce spouses have been forced to relocate from their original homes causing breakups in families and harsh custody battles. Considering the harsh affects that custody change and HIV/AIDS has on children, the Child Care Act 74/1983 has come under scrutiny for the way in which it has handled the care of children under troubled conditions. The narrow nature of this act has a primary goal of removal of an affected child from its original home and placement into alternative care, however it does not provide for prevention, nor for early intervention services and programs in terms of targeting child-abuse and neglect, contributing to building unstable families and homes fostering domestic violence. Finally before the new democratic era of South Africa, the women in families were extremely disadvantaged as in the past husbands enjoyed marital power under the two co-existing systems of the common-law community of profit and loss as well as the separation of goods established by antenuptial contract. This meant that as the head of the family, the husband had the final say in all matters concerning the common life of the spouses and he had power over the person of his wife and his wife’s property Another important example of previous discrimination is the past denial of homosexual unions. Because these unions were not recognized, not only were gay couples restricted of equal property and companionship rights and pleasures that heterosexual couples enjoyed, but they were additionally denied the rights to adoption. The Child Care Act and the Guardianship Act respectively declared that unmarried couples cannot jointly adopt and mothers and fathers have equal rights of guardianship in respect of legitimate children, thus denying the rights to homosexual couples of adoption and hence building a family. Consequential change on family dynamics from new legislation and social, political and legal influences In order to eradicate the discriminatory legal remnants of the Apartheid there were many legislative enactments that emanated to protect the rights of previously disadvantaged people in South Africa. One of the most significant of these enactments is the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act. This Act came into operation on the 15th of November 2000 and consequently brought an end to the doubtful nature of customary marriage, furthermore legally providing for monogamous and polygamous marriages. This impacts massively on family dynamics as because polygamy allows a husband to have more than one wife, his family has massive potential for growth allowing economic stability and furthermore it enabled wives to share the burdens of household labor, child-bearing and child-rearing Further accommodating the rights of women and additionally children is the abolishment of Section 23 of the Black Administration Act which administered an intestate estate of the deceased through primogeniture, a system in which in the absence of a will only a male relative may inherit. The case of Bhe amp; Others v Magistrate, Khayelitsha, amp; Others helped render this section unconstitutional, reflecting the democratic nature of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act in that a wife in a customary marriage has full equality with her husband and is subject to the matrimonial property system pertaining to marriage, full status and capacity to litigate, enter into contracts and acquire and dispose of assets. This again drastically changes the dynamic of families buy way of allowing for a power balance in the household, and moreover restricting paternal dominance. In order to contribute where the Child Care Act was lacking, the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 was enacted. Firstly according to section 9 of the Children’s Act, â€Å"in all matters concerning the care, protection and well being of a child, the standard of the child’s best interest is of paramount importance must be applied†. This can be applied where in savior of children orphaned at the hands of HIV/AIDS, the Children’s Act has formally recognized child-headed households. This recognition provides specially tailored welfare services to the children and allows them to remain with pre-existing families instead of undergoing removals into expensive and frequently ineffective Western-style alternative care. Other than child headed households, the Children’s Act additionally strengthens family and in-community-care of children who may come from broken homes and be subject to domestic violence. The Act provides for ‘shared care’, ‘partial care order’ and cluster foster care schemes as well as family services orders such as anger management, rehabilitation and parenting skills courses. Finally with regard to custody disputes, the law always accommodates the best interests of the child as in the case of HG v CG the court found that according to the Children’s Act not only do children have rights but they additionally have the opportunity to participate in any decision affecting him or her. The revolution of South African children laws have changed family dynamics by ways of liberating children to lead their households and make decisions independently, while being awarded extensive care ensuring positive and constructive futures for families. Just as the Children’s Act helped uphold the rights of children, so too does the Matrimonial Property Act 88 of 1984 protect the rights of women in abolishing marital power. Women now have equal property rights especially enforced by the accrual system in which the net increases in the respective estates of the spouses during the subsistence of their marriage are equally divided upon its dissolution. In addition to this wives are now also allowed locus standi, meaning that they can, independently of their husbands, conduct civil legal proceedings. The Matrimonial Property Act brings a clear shift towards equality in power balance in the household, contributing critically to the change in family dynamics. After wives had been allowed equal household power, dynamics of South African families were further transformed as the enactment of the Civil Unions Act 17 of 2006 gave recognition to homosexual unions, or ‘gay marriages’. Moreover one of the most significant cases in terms of these unions was Du Toit and Another v Minister of Welfare and Population Development and Others where same sex couples were officially granted the ability to adopt children.